Academic of Nutrition and Dietetics isn't a scientific group but instead a trade group representing the trade of Dietetics in the United States. Their position paper by no means represents a scientific consensus; it was authored by a few people and voted on by a small panel of Academy members. The paper wasn't reviewed by the scientific community. I don't think it helps that almost all the authors and reviewers were vegan/vegetarian.
From where are you getting your information on this?
(1) The paper was published in the Journal of the JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICS, which is a peer reviewed journal, and the paper lists a set of reviewers. What is your evidence that the paper was not reviewed by a standard reputable peer review process? (Note by the way that the paper is a literature review in support of its conclusions; it is not a bare assertion of a position.)
(2) What is your evidence that "almost all the authors and reviewers were vegan / vegetarian"
(3) What is the basis of your assessment that the paper does not present sufficient evidence of the nutritional adequacy of well planned vegan diets with adequate supplementation during pregnancy and childhood? I am pasting what the paper actually says about this below.
(4) What is your evidence that the current position statements of certain continental European countries say different things?
Here is what the paper says about pregnancy and children:
"Pregnant and Lactating Women
Limited research indicates that where food access is adequate, vegetarian pregnancy outcomes, such as birth weight and pregnancy duration, are similar to those in nonvegetarian pregnancy.7,86,87 Use of a vegetarian diet in the first trimester resulted in lower risk of excessive gestational weight gain in one study.88 Maternal diets high in plant foods may reduce the risk of complications of pregnancy, such as gestational diabetes.88,89 The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics’ position and practice papers on “Nutrition and Lifestyle for a Healthy Pregnancy Outcome”90,91 provide appropriate guidance for pregnant vegetarians. Special consideration is required for iron, zinc, vitamin B-12, and EPA/DHA.87,89 Depending on dietary choices, pregnant vegetarians may have higher iron intakes than nonvegetarians and are more likely to use iron supplements.92 Because of the potential for inadequate intakes and the adverse effects of iron deficiency, a low-dose (30 mg) iron supplement is recommended in pregnancy.93 The recommended amount of iron could be provided via a prenatal supplement, a separate iron supplement, or a combination of these.
There is insufficient evidence that zinc intake and status in vegetarian pregnancies differ from nonvegetarian pregnancies.87,89 Due to the increased zinc requirements of pregnancy and the lower bioavailability in diets based on high-phytate grains and legumes, increasing zinc intake and using food preparation techniques that improve bioavailability are recommended.7,8,29 Pregnant and lactating vegetarians need regular and adequate dietary and/ or supplemental sources of vitamin B-12.7,8,89,91 Infants of vegetarian women have lower plasma DHA concentrations and
breast milk of vegetarians is lower in DHA.7,8 These n-3 fatty acids can be synthesized to some extent from a-linolenic acid, but conversion rates
are low (though somewhat enhanced in pregnancy).8,89 Pregnant and lactating vegetarians may benefit from direct sources of EPA and DHA derived
from microalgae.8,91
Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months.94 If breastfeeding is not possible, commercial infant formula should be used as
the primary beverage for the first year. Complementary foods should be rich in energy, protein, iron, and zinc, and may include hummus, tofu, well-cooked legumes, and mashed avocado.8 Full fat, fortified soy milk, or dairy milk can be started as early as 1 year of age for toddlers who are growing normally and eating a variety of foods.95 Vegetarian children and teens are at lower risk than their nonvegetarian peers for overweight and obesity. Children and adolescents with BMI values in the normal range are more likely to also be within the normal range as adults, resulting in significant disease risk reduction.96 Other benefits of a vegetarian diet in childhood and adolescence include greater consumption of fruits and vegetables, fewer sweets and salty snacks, and lower intakes of total and saturated fat.97 Consuming balanced vegetarian diets early in life
can establish healthful lifelong habits.8 The peak age of onset for the most common eating disorders is in the adolescent years. Eating disorders have a complex etiology and prior use of a vegetarian or vegan diet does not appear to increase the risk of an eating disorder, though some with preexisting disordered eating may choose these diets to aid in their limitation of food intake.7,8 Nutrients that may require attention in the planning of nutritionally adequate diets for young vegetarians include iron, zinc, vitamin B-12, and for some, calcium and vitamin D. Mean protein intakes of vegetarian children generally meet or exceed recommendations.7 Protein needs of vegan children may be slightly higher than those of nonvegan children because of differences in protein digestibility and amino acid composition.7 Recommendations of 30% to 35% more protein for 1- to 2-year-old vegans, 20% to 30% more for 2 to 6 year olds, and 15% to 20% more for children older than 6years have been suggested.7,95 While
dietary factors may limit absorption of iron and zinc, deficiencies of these minerals are uncommon in vegetarian children in industrialized countries.98 Iron and zinc status of children on very restricted plant-based diets should be monitored. Supplemental iron and zinc may be needed in such cases.98 Vitamin B-12 intake of vegan infants and children should be assessed and fortified foods and/or supplements used as needed to insure adequacy.7
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